Tree Planting Project in Cape Breton Highlands National Park (2024)

This past Fall (2024), Replant.ca Environmental was able to do more work on a long-term tree planting project in Cape Breton Highlands National Park.  This work was part of a ongoing project on North Mountain that we're committed to for the next several years.

Cape Breton Highlands National Park (CBHNP) is located within the northern half of Cape Breton, which is the northeast end of the province of Nova Scotia.  If you're trying to drive there, it's about an four hour drive from Halifax.  North Mountain is located between Cheticamp and Cape North.

This multi-year project was designed and implemented under the direction of Nova Scotia's Clean Foundation, with financial assistance from the Province of Nova Scotia.

 

Here's a graphic (courtesy of Google Earth) showing the approximate location of our planting sites:

CBHNP is characterized predominantly by balsam fir and white spruce trees, with pockets of mountain ash (dogberry), tamarack (eastern larch), red maple, white birch, eastern white pine, and some other deciduous species.

Most of CBHNP consists of rolling hills covered with forests.  However, the Park also has a number of previously forested areas which were devastated by the spruce budworm a few decades ago, and which have failed to re-establish due to the large moose population. At the moment, the moose population is down quite a bit from historical averages, which presents an opportunity to re-establish more forest cover.

Here are a few photos of this year's team in action:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The work was quite challenging.  There was a lot of brush and vegetation to work through, and we had to climb over a lot of fallen tree trunks which were hidden in the vegetation.  Also, access is quite remote, requiring helicopters to get the crew and the trees into the planting sites each day.  This is quite tricky, because the weather is very unpredictable on North Mountain, and helicopters can't fly in fog or low clouds.

We were very pleased to act as a supply partner to the Clean Foundation on this project, doing the boots-on-the-ground tree planting work while they managed the project concept and provided financial backing and logistical support.

All in all, despite the challenges, this project was a very rewarding experience!

You can see more photos of our tree planting work at this site by visiting our Planting Photos folder on Dropbox, then going into the "2024 Planting Photos" folder, then into the "Cape Breton Highlands National Park" sub-folder.  Start here:

    www.replant-environmental.ca/photos

 

We'd especially like to thank everyone for their hospitality and logistical support while we were on site.  Special shout-outs to Anne-Claude and Peter from Parks Canada, Cayla and Hannah from the Department of Natural Resources, Sean & Don from Strathlorne, and Beth and the other staff at Clean Foundation.

Jonathan "Scooter" Clark

www.replant-environmental.ca

Replant.ca Environmental is a Canadian company that plants trees for carbon capture and builds community forests.  We also plant trees in national, provincial, and municipal public parks to mitigate damage from wildfires, storms, insects, and forest diseases.  We operate thanks to numerous small contributions from the general public, in addition to larger project sponsorships from NGO's, businesses, and corporations around the world.  If you'd like to learn how to show your support, visit our donations page.  Even if you aren't able to make a contribution, we very much appreciate when people are able to share our posts or our website link on social media, to help spread the word about the work that we're doing!

To learn more about the various species that we plant, visit the conifers page or the deciduous (hardwoods) page on our website.  Thanks so much for your interest!

 

The Mountain Ash tree (Sorbus americana)

The mountain ash tree is a very bright and noticeable tree at certain times of the year.  In terms of carbon capture, it's not a particularly useful tree, but it has other values.  It's colourful and attractive, but even more importantly, it's a great tree to provide food for a lot of birds and animals.  The proper Latin name for the mountain ash tree that we plant is the Sorbus americana.  Some people refer to the mountain ash as the rowan tree.  In Newfoundland, you may hear it referred to as dogberry.

When planting trees for commercial reasons, most people plant conifers such as pine or spruce.  When targeting carbon capture, species such as the eastern white pine, red spruce, and eastern hemlock are species that eventually grow to large volumes and which can live for a few centuries.  These trees are great choices in eastern Canada, but also have equally beneficial counterparts in western Canada.

However, when targeting the creation of a community forest, other attributes can be beneficial.  It's smart to include a number of hardwoods, such as birches, maples, oaks, elms, chestnuts, and other common Canadian species.  However, none of these are berry producers.  The mountain ash, on the other hand, produces very abundant berry crops.

Here's a photo of a mountain ash tree, heavy with berries:

You probably recognize this tree now.  It is common to see these trees in parks and in urban environments throughout eastern Canada and the northeastern seaboard of the United States.  Here's a range map from Wikipedia:

These trees, as noted, don't grow to be very large.  A mountain ash typically only reaches about 10-12 meters in height (35-40 feet) and the trunk usually only grows to be about 25-30 centimeters wide at maturity (10-12 inches).  However, what it lacks in size it more than makes up for in colour and value for wildlife.

Many birds and animals are attracted to this tree.  Moose and deer are very attracted to this tree.  They enjoy eating the leaves and twigs.  Smaller mammals such as rabbits, fishers, martins, and squirrels are also attracted to the tree.  Incidentally, completely unrelated to this, I saw a fisher a few weeks ago when I was out looking at a reforestation project.  It's nice to see them in the wild.

Birds love the mountain ash for its berries.  It's a great source of food for grouse, jays, and many types of songbirds.  The berries also stay on the tree quite late through winter, which helps keep many birds alive during cold weather.

In terms of human consumption, mountain ash berries don't have a lot of value.  This doesn't mean that you can't eat them.  I probably ate them as a child, and probably got stomach aches from them.  This is because fresh berries contain parasorbic acid, although this acid breaks down quickly if the berries are dried or cooked.  However, people do use them for certain types of food.  They're somewhat tart, but can be made into marmalades, jams, and even mixed with mead.  If making them into a jam, it may help to mix them with sweeter fruits such as apples.  And of course, it is quite easy to make liqueur or tea out of mountain ash berries, although I've never tried either.

Here's a close-up photo of the berries.

  

Due to the lack of value for carbon capture, we don't plant any mountain ash in our carbon capture plantations.  However, we do plant small numbers (1-2% of total trees) in some of our parks and community forest projects.

Here are a few fun facts about the mountain ash:

1.  The mountain ash is not a true ash tree.  Real ash trees are in the family Fraxinus, whereas the Sorbus family are the rose family.  Incidentally, many of the real ash trees across Canada are dying due to the emerald ash borer, but that's a story for another post.

2.  A few hundred years ago, pioneer doctors used mountain ash berries as an anti-malarial medicine.  There is no evidence that this had any success.

3.  After a few frosts, the berries tend to ferment.  This is enough to intoxicate birds.  So if you see a bunch of rowdy drunken birds, you know what might be to blame!

Here's a link to a CBC article about birds eating fermented berries:

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/birds-drunk-fermented-fruit-1.4892283

Finally, here is a photo of some of our mountain ash seedlings:

Thanks for reading!

- Jonathan Clark

www.replant-environmental.ca

Replant.ca Environmental is a Canadian company that plants trees for carbon capture and builds community forests.  We also plant trees in national, provincial, and municipal public parks to mitigate damage from wildfires, storms, insects, and forest diseases.  We operate thanks to numerous small contributions from the general public, in addition to larger project sponsorships from businesses and corporations around the world.  If you'd like to learn how to show your support, visit our donations page.  Even if you aren't able to make a contribution, we very much appreciate when people are able to share our posts or our website link on social media, to help spread the word about the work that we're doing!

Teachers are welcome to use content from this post for their classes.  If you know a teacher who might like to use this information, please share it with them!  The more that people learn about trees, the better our world will be.

To learn more about the various species that we plant, visit the conifers page or the deciduous (hardwoods) page on our website.  Thanks so much for your interest!

 

Incidentally, our organization is often seeking additional land for our carbon capture projects.  Please visit this link if you might know of a recently-harvested property that we could rebuild into a permanent legacy forest.

The Eastern Hemlock tree (Tsuga canadensis)

Today I'm going to talk about one of the longest-lived of the trees on Canada's east coast, the Eastern hemlock.  Some of you also might know it as Canadian hemlock, or even as eastern hemlock-spruce.  I'm not a fan of that last name, because it confuses people.  Eastern hemlock is not a spruce conifer!  But speaking of names, this species has a Latin name which I find easiest to remember of all Latin names:  Tsuga canadensis.  I guess that's because I'm a proud Canadian.

Before I get into too much detail about this species, let's start with a photo.  This is a good close-up photo showing just a handful of the several thousand eastern hemlock seedlings that we planted this year (2019).

There are three types of hemlocks in Canada, although they all have very narrow distributions.  Western hemlock and mountain hemlock are only found in BC, and mostly in coastal parts of that province.  I've planted large numbers of both of these species while doing commercial reforestation work on Vancouver Island.  So despite the fact that eastern hemlock is not widely distributed throughout most of Canada, it is still the most well-known hemlock.  It can be found throughout all three of the maritime provinces, and also in southern parts of Ontario and Quebec.  Here's a range map, courtesy of Wikipedia:

It's interesting that eastern hemlock does so well throughout southeastern Canada and the northeast seaboard of the US, considering that most hemlocks thrive in temperate rainforests.  The two west coast hemlocks definitely thrive in the moist areas of the coast, and with the exception of the Ancient Rainforest area east of Prince George, almost all west coast hemlocks grow within a hundred kilometers of the Pacific ocean.

The hemlock family got its name from a perceived similarity between the smell of crushed hemlock (conifer) needles and the crushed hemlock plant, even though the plant is completely unrelated to the conifer tree family.  You may be aware that hemlock is well known as a poisonous plant, but hemlock trees thankfully are not toxic! Incidentally, let me take a complete tangent from this post, in case you're trying to remember where you heard about hemlock plants being poison.  Back in ancient Greece, the famous philosopher Socrates went on trial for corrupting the youth of Athens (encouraging anti-democratic uprisings).  He was tried by an assembly of 500 citizens, the majority of whom decided that he was guilty, and was subsequently sentenced to death by poisoning.  At the execution, he calmly agreed to drink the poison down, and that was the end of him.  Plato and Aristotle, two other historical figures that you might be acquainted with if you've studied philosophy (or are a Monty Python fan), were two of his most famous students at the time.  And incidentally, the poisonous hemlock plant is found in twelve US states.  But I digress.  Let's get back to the conifer.

I mentioned earlier that eastern hemlock trees are quite long lived.  Indeed!  They would make any octagenarian jealous.  It is very common for mature trees to live for 250-400 years, if they aren't knocked down in a bad windstorm.  There is one eastern hemlock in Pennsylvania that is going to hit it's 600th birthday in a few decades.  That's pretty impressive.

On Canada's east coast, mature trees often reach a height of about 30m (100 feet) and the trunk of these trees can often approach 1.5m in diamater (almost five feet).  Our Charles Clark forest reserve property in north central Nova Scotia has a belt through the center of the property with almost twenty acres that hasn't been cut in about a century, and it is full of beautiful mature hemlocks.  This part of the property almost feels like a rainforest when you visit it.  In many parts of the US, hemlock trees are only found at elevations of 600 meters and above (cooler climate), but our Charles Clark property is only about 40m above sea level.

Unfortunately, the eastern hemlock is susceptible to two major pests right now.  The first is an "adelgid" (similar to an aphid) known as the woolly hemlock adelgid.  This insect was introduced to north American accidentally from Asia, and eastern hemlock is not resistant to it.  Canadian hemlocks haven't been hit too hard yet, but the adelgid is really doing a lot of damage to stands east of the Appalachians.  The other problem insect is the hemlock looper, which is a type of moth that eats hemlock (and several other common Canadian trees).  Eastern hemlock is also susceptible to a couple varieties of the Armillaria fungus, which is a widely distributed forest parasite (a small mushroom) that attacks many different species.  However, Armillaria (also known colloquially as honey mushrooms) are generally only a problem for mature hemlock.

Another problem that eastern hemlock have to cope with when they're young is being used as a snack by deer.  Deer populations in urban areas of Nova Scotia have exploded over the past decade.  I don't know if the same holds true for rural deer, but in town, we see them on our front lawns everywhere, and they've caused an enormous amount of damage to cedar shrubs and several dozen other types of small plants and flowers.  Anyway, deer love to browse on tender plants.  They tend to avoid plants with needles (except for cedar, which they love) and they also tend to avoid plants with strong odors or bitter tastes.  Although hemlock is not their preferred diet, they will sometimes snack on young hemlock trees.  Hemlock tea tastes quite bitter, but yet the deer don't seem to mind if they're quite hungry.  Hemlock tea is bitter enough that most tea drinkers would definitely turn their nose up, although it apparently has a lot of vitamin C.

If you're ever looking to plant conifers on the east coast, and the property already has some existing brush or tree cover, consider the eastern hemlock as one of the species to potentially include in your mix.  The eastern hemlock is very shade tolerant - one of the most shade tolerant conifers in Canada.

I'll leave you with a photo of some of our eastern hemlock seedlings:

 

Thanks for reading!

- Jonathan Clark
www.replant-environmental.ca



Replant.ca Environmental is a Canadian company that plants trees for carbon capture and builds community forests.  We also plant trees in national, provincial, and municipal public parks to mitigate damage from wildfires, storms, insects, and forest diseases.  We operate thanks to numerous small contributions from the general public, in addition to larger project sponsorships from businesses and corporations around the world.  If you'd like to learn how to show your support, visit our donations page.  Even if you aren't able to make a contribution, we very much appreciate when people are able to share our posts or our website link on social media, to help spread the word about the work that we're doing!

Teachers are welcome to use content from this post for their classes.  If you know a teacher who might like to use this information, please share it with them!  The more that people learn about trees, the better our world will be.

To learn more about the various species that we plant, visit the conifers page or the deciduous (hardwoods) page on our website.  Thanks so much for your interest!

Incidentally, our organization is often seeking additional land for our carbon capture projects.  Please visit this link if you might know of a recently-harvested property that we could rebuild into a permanent legacy forest.